Solid masses of pancreas represent a variety of benign and malignant neoplasm of exocrine and endocrine tissue of pancreas. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) is a relative new technology that employs endoscopic and high frequency ultrasound (US).

Keywords: EUS-FNAB, Pancreatic Carcinoma.

1. Brand B, Pfaff T, Binmoeller KF, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic lesions, confirmed by surgery. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35: 1221– 1228.
2. Muller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:745–751.
3. Yeo CJ, Camero JL, Lillemoe KD Pancreaticodudenectomy for cancer of the head of the pancreas. Ann Sur 1995;221:721-731
4. Suits J, Frazee R, Erickson RA. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration for the evaluation of pancreatic masses. Arch Surg. 1999;134:639–642; discussion 42–43.
5. Itoi T, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Irisawa A, Khor CJ, Rerknimitr R. Current status of diagnostic endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of pancreatic mass lesions. Dig Endosc. 2011;23Suppl 1:17–21.
6. Wallace MB, Kennedy T, Durkalski V, Eloubeidi MA, Etamad R, Matsuda K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration techniques for the detection of malignant lymphadenopathy. GastrointestEndosc. 2001;54:441–7.
7. Turner MS, Goldsmith JD. Best practices in diagnostic immunohistochemistry: spindle cell neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:370–4.
8. Siddiqui UD, Rossi F, Rosenthal LS, Padda MS, Murali-Dharan V, Aslanian HR. EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a prospective, randomized trial comparing 22-gauge and 25-gauge needles. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:1093–7.
9. Bhutani MS, Hawes RH, Baron PL, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of malignant pancreatic lesions. Endoscopy. 1997;29:854–858.
10. Michael Jonathan Hewitt, Mcphail, Mrcp, Lucia Possamai, AmeetDhar, Panagiotis Vlavianos, Kevin J. Monahan. EUS-guided FNA for diagnosis of solid pancreatic neoplasms: a meta-analysis. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2012;75(2):319-31.
11. Niederhuber Je, Murray F. Brennan, Herman R. Menck. The national cancer data base report on pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 1995;76(9):1671-77.
12. Cleveland P, Gill KR, Coe SG, Woodward TA, Raimondo M, Jamil L, et al. An evaluation of risk factors for inadequate cytology in EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic tumors and lymph nodes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:1194–9.
13. Beckingham IJ. ABC Of Liver, pancreas and gallbladder, 1st ed. London: BMJ: 2001
14. Veronika Gagovic, Bret J Spier, Ryan J DeLee, Courtney Barancin, Mary Lindstrom Michael Einstein MD, Siobhan Byrne, Josephine Harter MD, Rashmi Agni, Patrick R Pfau, Endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration characteristics of primary adenocarcinoma versus other malignant neoplasms of the pancreas, Can J Gastroenterol 2012;26(10):691-696.
15. Faming Zhang, Vivek Kumbhari, Alan H Tieu, Mohamad H E Zein, Ahmed Messallam, Vikesh K Singh, Anne Marie Lennon, Marcia I Canto, Anthony N Kalloo, Mouen A Khashab, Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration of Suspected; Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Yield of the First and RepeatJ Pancreas. 2016 Jan 08; 17(1):48-52.
16. Min Jae Yang et al (2015) Min Jae Yang, HyuneeYim, Jae Chul Hwang, Dakeun Lee, Young Bae Kim, Sun Gyo Lim, Soon Sun Kim, Joon Koo Kang, Byung Moo Yoo and Jin Hong Kim, Endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of solid pancreatic masses: 22-gauge aspiration versus 25-gauge biopsy needles. BMC Gastroenterology (2015) 15:122.
17. Robert A et (2016)Robert A. Mitchell, Dylan Stanger, Constantin Shuster, Jennifer Telford, Eric Lam, and Robert Enns, Repeat Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Patients with Suspected Pancreatic Cancer: Diagnostic Yield and Associated Change in Access to Appropriate Care, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; 2016: 7.
18. Robert A et (2016)Robert A. Mitchell, Dylan Stanger, Constantin Shuster, Jennifer Telford, Eric Lam, and Robert Enns, Repeat Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Patients with Suspected Pancreatic Cancer: Diagnostic Yield and Associated Change in Access to Appropriate Care, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; 2016: 7.
19. Giulia A. Zamboni1, Mirko D’Onofrio1, Antonio Idili1, Roberto Malagò1, Roberta Iozzia1, Erminia Manfrin2, Roberto Pozzi Mucelli1, Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Fine-Needle Aspiration of 545 Focal Pancreatic Lesions December 2009.
20. Sean D. Paulsen et al (2005) Sean D. Paulsen Hanh V. Nghiem Edsa Negussie Ellen J. Higgins Elaine M. Caoili Isaac R. Francis Paulsen SD, Nghiem HV, Evaluation of Imaging-Guided Core Biopsy of Pancreatic Masses, AJR: 187, September 2006.
21. M Voss, P Hammel, G Molas, L Palazzo, A Dancour, D O’Toole, B Terris, C Degott, P Bernades, P Ruszniewski, Value of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses.Gut 2000;46:244–249
22. C Harewood, Gavin, J Wiersema, Maurits. Endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of pancreatic masses. The American journal of gastroenterology2002.
23. Sukru Mehmet Erturket al (2005) Guidance Sukru Mehmet Erturk Koenraad J. Mortelé Kemal Tuncali John R. Saltzman Roger Lao Stuart G. Silverman, Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Solid Pancreatic Masses: Comparison of CT and Endoscopic Sonography. AJR:187, December 2006.
24. Thomas Cherian, Prasoon Mohan, Abdel Douiri, Philippe Taniere, Rahul K. Hejmadi & Brinder S. Mahon Role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic and peripancreatic lesions: is onsite cytopathology necessary? International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association HPB 2010, 12, 389–395.
25. Carlo Fabbri, Yasuda I, et al. Low diagnostic yield of transduodenal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy using the 19-gauge Flex needle: A large multicenter prospective study. Endosc Ultrasound. 2017;6(6):402-408.
26. Alexandra Kalogeraki, Georgios Z. Papadakis, DimitriosTamiolakis, Iliana Karvela-Kalogeraki, MihailosKarvelas-Kalogerakis, John Segredakis, Michael Papadakis, EleniMoustou, GalateiaDatseri, Maria Tzardi, EUS – Fine- Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Review. J. Intern. Med., 2016, 54, 1, 24–30.
27. Malak M, Masuda D, Ogura T, ImotoA, Abdelaal UM, Sabet EA, Abo Dahab LH, Higuchi KYield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for solid pancreatic neoplasms. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016 Mar;51(3):360-7.
28. Jeremy Wang, Surbhi Jain, Dion Chen, Wei Song, Chi-Tan Hu, and Ying-Hsiu Su, Development and Evaluation of Novel Statistical Methods in Urine Biomarker-Based Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening. Sci Rep. 2018; 8: 3799.

Dr Dilip Ramrakhiani

Mobile No: 7737315766, Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.