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Abstract
Human trafficking has received increasing global attention over the past decade. Initially, trafficking of women and girls for forced sex work and, to a lesser extent, domestic servitude, were the sole focus of advocacy and assistance. Today, there is recognition that women, children and men are trafficked into many different forms of labour, and for sexual exploitation. Labour-related trafficking occurs in a wide range of sectors, such as agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, forestry, construction, domestic servitude, cleaning and hospitality services. Trafficked people may also be forced to work as beggars or soldiers, and women and children can be made to serve as ‘wives’. This hidden population involves this commercial sex industry, agriculture, factories, hotel and restaurants, domestic workers, marriage brokers, and some adoption firms. Because 80% of trafficked individuals are women and girls, women’s health care provider may better serve their diverse patient population by increasing their awareness of this problem. The exploitation of people of any race, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnicity is unacceptable at any time, in any place.
Keywords: Trafficking, Exploitation, Health, Policy, Labour.##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
How to Cite
G, R. (2014). Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women - Human Trafficking. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 1(06). Retrieved from https://igmpublication.org/ijetst.in/index.php/ijetst/article/view/275
References
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19. Zimmerman C. Health risks and consequences of trafficked women in Europe: conceptual models, qualitative and quantitative findings. London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2007.
20. GAATW. Collateral damage: the impact of anti-trafficking measures on human rights around the world. Bangkok, Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2007.
21. IOM/UNGIFT/LSHTM. Caring for trafficked persons: guidance for health providers. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2009.
22. Koss MP, Heslet L. Somatic consequences of violence against women. Archives of Family Medicine , 1992, 1(1):53–59.
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24. Pearson E. Human traffic, human rights: redefining victim protection. London, Anti-slavery International, 2002.
25. Phinney A. Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation in the Americas. Washington, DC, Inter American Commission of Women (Organisation of American States), 2001.
26. Steel Z et al. Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2006, 188:58–64.
27. Jobe A. The causes and consequences of re-trafficking: evidence from the IOM human trafficking database. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2010.
28. OSCE. National referral mechanism for the victims of trafficking in human beings. Vienna, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2007.
29. Macy RJ, Johns N. Aftercare services for international sex trafficking survivors: informing U.S. service and program development in an emerging practice area. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2011, 12:87–98.
30. Surtees R, Babovic M. Listening to victims: experiences of identification, return, and assistance in south-eastern Europe . Vienna, International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2007.
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32. Working to prevent and address violence against women migrant workers. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2009.
33. Convention concerning decent work for domestic workers. C189 – Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (189). Geneva, General Conference of the International Labour Organization, 2011.
34. IHRB. Dhaka principles for migration with dignity. London, Institute for Human Rights and Business, 2012.
35. Zimmerman C. Stolen smiles: a summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe . London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2006.
36. HPA. Human trafficking – key messages for primary care practitioners. London, Health Protection Agency, 2012.
37. Human trafficking: new directions for research. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2008.
2. Oram S et al. International law, national policymaking and the health of trafficked people in the UK. Health and Human Rights, 2011, 13(2):7–12.
3. USDOS. Trafficking in Persons Report 2011 . Washington, DC, United States of America Department of State, 2011.
4. Belser P. Forced labour and human trafficking: estimating the profits. Geneva, International Labour Organization, 2005.
5. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UN.GIFT: human trafficking: an overview. New York, NY, United Nations, 2008.
6. Oram S et al. Prevalence and risk of violence and the physical, mental, and sexual health problems associated with human trafficking: systematic review. PLoS Medicine, 2012, 9(5):e1001224.
7. Zimmerman C et al. Meeting the health needs of trafficked persons. BMJ , 2009, 339:b3326.
8. van der Laan P et al. Cross-border trafficking in human beings: prevention and intervention strategies for reducing sexual exploitation. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2011, 9.
9. Ostrovschi N et al. Women in post-trafficking services in Moldova: diagnostic interviews to assess common mental disorders over two time periods among returning women. BioMed Central Public Health, 2011, 11:232.
10. Hossain M et al. The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women. American Journal of Public Health , 2010, 100(12):2442–49.
11. Tsutsumi A et al. Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine , 2008, 66(8):1841–47.
12. Beyrer C, Stachowiak J. Health consequences of trafficking of women and girls into Southeast Asia. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 2003, X(1):105–17.
13. Schinina G. Psychosocial support to groups of victims of human trafficking in transit situations. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2004.
14. Fleisher M, Johnston R, Alon I. Human trafficking in eastern Africa: research assessment and baseline information in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Burundi. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2008.
15. Silverman JG et al. HIV prevalence and predictors of infection in sex-trafficked Nepalese girls and women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2007, 298(5):536–42.
16. Dharmadhikari AS et al. Tuberculosis and HIV: a global menace exacerbated via sex trafficking. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2009, 13(5):543–46.
17. Decker et al. Sex trafficking, sexual risk, sexually transmitted infection and reproductive health among female sex workers in Thailand. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2011, 65(4):334.
18. Zimmerman C, Hossain M, C W. Human trafficking and health: a conceptual model to inform policy, intervention and research. Social Science & Medicine , 2011, 73(2):327–35.
19. Zimmerman C. Health risks and consequences of trafficked women in Europe: conceptual models, qualitative and quantitative findings. London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2007.
20. GAATW. Collateral damage: the impact of anti-trafficking measures on human rights around the world. Bangkok, Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2007.
21. IOM/UNGIFT/LSHTM. Caring for trafficked persons: guidance for health providers. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2009.
22. Koss MP, Heslet L. Somatic consequences of violence against women. Archives of Family Medicine , 1992, 1(1):53–59.
23. Caouette TM, Saito Y. To Japan and back: Thai women recount their experiences . New York, NY, United Nations, 1999.
24. Pearson E. Human traffic, human rights: redefining victim protection. London, Anti-slavery International, 2002.
25. Phinney A. Trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation in the Americas. Washington, DC, Inter American Commission of Women (Organisation of American States), 2001.
26. Steel Z et al. Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2006, 188:58–64.
27. Jobe A. The causes and consequences of re-trafficking: evidence from the IOM human trafficking database. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2010.
28. OSCE. National referral mechanism for the victims of trafficking in human beings. Vienna, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2007.
29. Macy RJ, Johns N. Aftercare services for international sex trafficking survivors: informing U.S. service and program development in an emerging practice area. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2011, 12:87–98.
30. Surtees R, Babovic M. Listening to victims: experiences of identification, return, and assistance in south-eastern Europe . Vienna, International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2007.
31. Oxman-Martinez J, Lacroix M H, Hanley J. Victims of trafficking in persons: perspectives from the Canadian community sector. Ottawa, Department of Justice Canada, 2005.
32. Working to prevent and address violence against women migrant workers. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2009.
33. Convention concerning decent work for domestic workers. C189 – Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (189). Geneva, General Conference of the International Labour Organization, 2011.
34. IHRB. Dhaka principles for migration with dignity. London, Institute for Human Rights and Business, 2012.
35. Zimmerman C. Stolen smiles: a summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe . London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2006.
36. HPA. Human trafficking – key messages for primary care practitioners. London, Health Protection Agency, 2012.
37. Human trafficking: new directions for research. Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2008.