Details
Category: Volume 11 Issue 11 November 2023
Hits: 400

Title: Deep Insight to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostics, Treatment, Risk Assessment & Recent Advances

Author: Sripathi Chandragupthan

 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v11i11.10

Abstract

Nearly ¼ TH of world’s population is affected by the bacteria that is causing TB, but only 1/10 TH of them affecting TB disease called “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” (Mtb). It can be two forms namely active and latent. Tuberculosis is ranked by WHO as “One of the top 10 leading causes of death”. This is true both before and after COVID-19 pandemic[3]. This paper discusses about TB causes, microscopic analysis, Infection, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complexities.

Keywords: TB, M Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance TB, TB infection with co-infection.

References

  1. Shahinda S.R Alsayed and Hendra Gunosewoyo, Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Current Treatment Regimens and New Drug Targets, Int. J. of Molecular sciences, Vol. 24, 2023: DOI: 3390/ijms24065202
  2. barberis, N.L.Bragazzi, L.Galluzzo, M. Martini, The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of koch’s bacillus, J. of prev. med. Hyg.,58 (1),2017, E9-E12.
  3. Rebecca E.Colman, et.al Detecting rifampin and isoniazid resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis direct from patient sputum using an automated integrated system, J of linical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 27, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100304
  4. Funmilayo Grace Boni, Insaf Hamdi,  Liadrine Moukendza Koundi,  Kanchan Shrestha , Jianping Xie, Cytokine storm in tuberculosis and IL-6 involvement, J of infection, Genetics and Evolution, Vol.97, 2022 : DOI: 1016/j.meegid.2021.105166
  5. American thoracic society, Centres for disease control and prevention, Infectious diseases society of America: Controlling tuberculosis in the United States, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical care medicine, 172, 2005,1169 – 1227.
  6. David P.Maison, Tuberculosis Pathophysiology and Anti-VEGF Intervention, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases,27, 2022 : DOI: 1016/j.jctube.2022.100300
  7. Kabeer K Shah, Bobbi S.Pritt, Mariam P. Alexander, Histopathologic review of granulomatous inflammation, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 7, 2017,1 – 12.
  8. J. Kasten, Mycobacteria in the Literature: report 02 – 2016,J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 7, 2017,51 – 52.
  9. Steve Black, David E.Bloom, David C.Kaslow, Simone Pecetta, Rino Rappuoli, Transforming vaccine development, Seminars in Immunology, Vol.50, 2020 : doi: 1016/j.smim.2020.101413
  10. Cara M.Gill, Lorraine Dolan, Laura M.Piggott and Anne Marie McLaughlin, New developments in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment, Breathe, Vol.18, 2022: doi: 10.1183/20734735.0149-2021
  11. Christoph Lange, Dumitru Chesov, Jan Heyckendorf, Chi C. Leung, Zarir Udwadia, Keertan Dheda, Drug-Resistant tuberculosis: An update on disease burden, diagnosis and treatment, J of Asian Pacific society of respirology, 23, 2018,656 – 673.
  12. Amita Jain, Rajesh Mondal, Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: Current challenges and threats, J of FEMS Immunol med microbio, 53, 2008, 145 – 150.
  13. Lovansha Nandlal, et.al, Rapid Molecular Assays for the Diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis, J of Infection and drug resistance, 15, 2022, 4971 – 4984.
  14. Jong Geol Jang, Jin Hong Chung, Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis, Yeungnam University Journal of medicine, 2020, 277 – 285.
  15. Thi Ngoc Anh Nguyen, Véronique Anton-Le Berre, Anne-Laure Bañuls, Thi Van Anh Nguyen, Molecular Diagnosis of Drug- Resistant tuberculosis: A literature Review, J of Frontiers in microbiology,10, Article 794, Apr 2019.
  16. Eunjin Cho, Su Jin Lee, Jiyoung Lim, Dong Sik Kim, Namil Kim, Han Oh Park, Ji-Im Lee, Eunsoon Son, Sang Nae Cho, Wah Wah Aung, Jong Seok Lee, Evaluation of TBMDR and XDRA for the detection of multidrug resistant and pre-extensively drug resistant tuberculosis, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 27, 2022 : DOI: 1016/j.jctube.2022.100303
  17. Sarah K.Broade, Rachel Dwilow, Dennis Kunimoto, Dick Menzies and Faiz Ahmad Khan, chapter-8, Drug – Resistant Tuberculosis, Cannadian J of respiratory, critical care and sleep medicine, 6, No.51, 2022, 109-128.
  18. Simon Tiberi, et al, Drug Resistant TB – Latest developments in epidemiology, diagnostics and management, Int. J. of Infectious diseases, Vol.124, 2022, 520 – 525.
  19. Kwonjune J.Seung, salmaan Keshavjee and Michael L.Rich, Multidrug -Resistant Tuberculosis and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 5, 2015.
  20. Darshanand Maraj, Liane Steiner, Nav Persaud, Essential tuberculosis medicines and health outcomes in countries with a national essential medicines list, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 27, 2022: DOI: 1016/j.jctube.2022.100305
  21. Medeline E. Carwile, Natasha S.Hochberg, Pranay Sinha, Undernutrition is feeding the tuberculosis pandemic: A perspective, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, vol. 27, 2022 : DOI: 1016/j.jctube.2022.100311
  22. Filia Stephanie, Mutiara Saragih, Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan, Recent progress and challenges for Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis treatment, Pharmaceutics, 13, No.592, 2021: DOI: 3390/pharmaceutics13050592
  23. Young , G. Walzl and N. Du Plessis, Therapeutic host-directed strategies to improve outcome in tuberculosis, Springer Nature – Mucosal Immunology,13, 2020,190 – 204.
  24. Dobner , S. Kaser, Body mass index and the risk of infection - from underweight to obesity, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 24, 2018, 24 – 28.
  25. Jeremiah Chakaya, Bruce Kirenga, Haileyesus Getahun, Long term complications after completion of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment: A quest for a public health approach, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 3, 2016, 10 – 12.
  26. Isano Hase, Katelynne Gardner Toren, Hitomi Hirano, Kimiko sakurai, Takefumi saito and Masahiro Narita, Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Older Adults: Increased Mortality Related to Tuberculosis Within Two Months of Treatment Initiation, J. of Drugs & Aging, 8, 2021, 807 – 815.
  27. Isano Hase, Katelynne Gardner Toren, Hitomi Hirano, Kimiko sakurai, Takefumi saito and Masahiro Narita, Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Older Adults: Increased Mortality Related to Tuberculosis Within Two Months of Treatment Initiation, J. of Drugs & Aging,38, 2021, 807 – 815.
  28. Rachel Byng-Maddick and Mahdad Noursadeghi, Does tuberculosis threaten our ageing populations?., BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 2016 : DOI: 1186/s12879-016-1451-0
  29. Simon AK, Hollander GA, McMichael A, Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age, Proceedings of royal society, Proceedings B, 282:20143085.
  30. Theodore Wright, Basak Coruh, David Fredricks, Nina Kim, Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with disseminated histoplasmosis and TNF-alpha inhibition, Medical mycology case reports, 23, 2019,62 – 64.
  31. Arnold T mafukidze, Marianne Calnan, Jennifer Furin, Peripheral neuropathy in prosons with tuberculosis, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 2, 2016, 5 – 11.
  32. Alberto Ortega-Rosales, Nelson Delgado-Torres, Carlos Burneo-Rosales, A rare neurological complication of tuberculosis: Transverse myelitis, ID cases, Vol.17, 2019: doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00564
  33. Joseph Donovan, Nguyen Truc Thanh, Guy E.Thwaites, Nguyen Hoan Phu, Severe paradoxical reaction in tuberculous meningitis, ID Cases, Vol.23, 2021 : doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e01009
  34. Yuying Lu, Zhongyang Hu, Fuyan Wang, Huan Yao, Haixia Zhu, Zhen wang, Zhisong, Ru Chen, Ding Liu, Woresning CSF parameters after the start of anti-tuberculosis treatment predicts intracerebral tuberculoma development, Int. J. of Infectious Diseases, 101, 2020, 395 – 402.
  35. Simon Schaaf, Andrea Collins, Adrie Bekker and Peter D.O.Davies, Tuberculosis at extremes of age, Asian Pacific Society of Respirology,15, 2010, 747- 763.
  36. Joel Negin, Seye Abimbola, Ben J.Marais, Tuberculosis among older adults – time to take notice, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 32, 2015, 135 – 137.
  37. Massimiliano Lanzafame, Sandro Vento, Tuberculosis-Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 3, 2016, 6 – 9.
  38. Ria Bandiara, Astried Indrasari, Anggi Dewi Rengganis,  Lilik Sukesi,  Afiatin Afiatin, Prayudi Santoso, Risk factors of latent tuberculosis among chronic kidney disease with routine haemodialysis patients, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 27, 2022 : DOI: 1016/j.jctube.2022.100302
  39. Sriram Krishnamoorthy, Natarajan Kumaresan, Alimuddin Zumla, Latent tuberculosis infection and renal transplantation – diagnosis and management, international journal f infectious diseases, 80, 2019, 573 – 576.
  40. Xin-Xu Li & Xiao-Nong Zhou, Co-infection of tuberculosis and parasitic diseases in humans: a systematic review, BioMed Central Parasites & vectors, 2013 : DOI: 1186/1756-3305-6-79
  41. Qiyao Chai,Yong Zhang, Cui Hua Liu, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: An adaptable pathogen associated with multiple human diseases, Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, Article 158,8, May 2018 : doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00158
  42. Qiyao chai, Lin Wang, Cui Hua Liu, Baoxue Ge, New insights into the evasion of host innate immunity by mycobacterium tuberculosis, cellular and molecular immunology, Springer nature,17, 2020, 901 – 913.
  43. Todd A.Black, Ulrike K.Buchwald, the pipeline of new molecules and regimens against drug resistant tuberculosis, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, 25, 2021: doi: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100285
  44. Prasad, TB:85% cure rate seen in modified BPaL regimen trial, The Hindu, 30 Jul 2023, Pg.15.
  45. Ritu Banerjee, Jeffrey R Starke, What tuberculosis can teach us about combating multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli, J of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases,3, 2016,28 – 34.
  46. Derek J.Sloan, Geraint R. Davies, and Saye H. Khoo, Recent advances in tuberculosis: New drugs and treatment regimens, Current Respir Med, Rev 201: 10.2174/1573398x113099990017
  47. Yoanna Teneva, Rumyana Simeonaova, Violeta Valcheva and Violina T.Angelova, Recent Advances in Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Discovery Based on Hydrazide-Hydrazone and Thaidiazole Derivatives Targeting InhA, MDPI- Pharmaceuticals, Vol.16, 2023: DOI: 10.3390/ph16040484

Corresponding Author

Sripathi Chandragupthan