Title: Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes in Indore
Authors: Laxminarayan Meena, Shreya Nigoskar, Randhir Kumar Pandey, Vandana Mahapatra
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v9i7.04
Abstract
Background & Objectives: To investigate the association between serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This study included 250 metabolic syndrome free men and 250 nondiabetic men aged 35–59 years who did not have medication for hepatitis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT). We used a customized National Cholesterol Education Program definition of metabolic syndrome with BMI instead of waist border.
Results: With alteration for age, family history of diabetes, BMI, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, regular physical activity (fasting plasma glucose for the risk of type 2 diabetes) the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes increased in association with the levels of serum GGT, ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase. Additional modification for all of the other liver enzymes attenuated these relations, but serum GGT remained a significant risk factor for the risk of both metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion: These results point to that serum GGT may be a significant predictor for increasing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Keywords: γ-glutamyltransferase, Cardiovascular, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
References
- Whitfield JB: Gamma-glutamyl transferase. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 38:263–355, 2001
- Wannamethee G, Ebrahim S, Shaper AG: Gamma-glutamyltransferase: determinants and association with mortality from ischemic heart disease and all causes. Am J Epidemiol 142:699–708, 1995
- Bots ML, Salonen JT, Elwood PC, Nikitin Y, Freire de Concalves A, Inzitari D, Sivenius J, Trichopoulou A Tuomilehto J, Koudstaal PJ, Grobbee DE: Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of stroke: the EUROSTROKE project. J Epidemiol Community Health 56 (Suppl. 1):I25–I29, 2002
- Nilssen O, Førde OH, Brenn T: The Tromsø Study: distribution and population determinants of gamma glutamyltransferase. Am J Epidemiol 132:318–326, 1990
- Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG: Prospective study of serum γ-glutamyltransferase and risk of NIDDM. Diabetes Care 21:732–737, 1998
- Rantala AO, Lilja M, Kauma H, Savolainen MJ, Reunanen A, Kesa¨niemi YA: Gammaglutamyl transpeptidase and the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med 248:230–238, 2000
- Nakanishi N, Nishina K, Li W, Sato M, Suzuki K, Tatara K: Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and development of impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. J Intern Med 254:287–295, 2003
- Lee DH, Jacobs DR Jr, Gross M, Kiefe CI, Roseman J, Lewis CE, Steffes M: Gammaglutamyltransferase is a predictor of incident diabetes and hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Clin Chem 49:1358–1366, 2003
- Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, Tomassetti S, Bugianesi E, Lenzi M, McCullough AJ, Natale S, Forlani G, Melchionda N: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 50:1844–1850, 2001
- G, Forlani G: NASH: from liver diseases to metabolic disorders and back to clinical hepatology. Hepatology 35:497–499, 2002
- Malnick SD, Beergabel M, Knobler H: Non-alcoholic fatty liver: a common manifestation of a metabolic disorder. QJM 96:699–709, 2003
- Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486–2497, 2001
- Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP: Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans: a 7-year prospective study. Obes Res 5:16–23, 1997
- Sattar N, Tan CE, Han TS, Forster L, Lean ME, Shepherd J, Packard CJ: Associations of indices of adiposity with atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:432–439, 1998
- Stevens J, Couper D, Pankow J, Folsom AR, Duncan BB, Nieto FJ, Jones D, Tyroler HA: Sensitivity and specificity of anthropometrics for the prediction of diabetes in a biracial cohort. Obes Res 9:696–705, 2001
- Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N: C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14,719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 107:391–397, 2003
- Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, Ford I, DS, Haffner SM, Isles C, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Cobbe SM, Shepherd J: Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 108:414–419, 2003
- Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197, 1997
- Cucuianu M: Serum _-glutamyltransferase and/or serum cholinesterase as markers of the metabolic syndrome (Letter). Diabetes Care 22:1381–1382, 1999
- Hotamisligil GS: Inflammatory pathways and insulin action. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27 (Suppl. 3):S53–S55, 2003
- Hsueh WA, Quinones MJ: Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. Am J Cardiol 92:10J–17J, 2003
- van Oostrom AJ, Sijmonsma TP, Verseyden C, Jansen EH, de Koning EJ, Rabelink TJ, Castro Cabezas M: Postprandial recruitment of neutrophils may contribute to endothelial dysfunction. J Lipid Res 44: 576–583, 200
- Stark AA: Oxidative metabolism of glutathione by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and peroxisome proliferation: the relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis: a hypothesis. Mutagenesis 6:241–245, 1991