Details
Category: Volume 09 Issue 04 April 2021
Hits: 847

Title: Serologic Evidence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18 Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Northwestern Nigeria

Authors: Ajang, A. Y., Elijah, E. E., Jatau, E. D., Aminu, M. and Longwap, A. S.

 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v9i4.21

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men in Nigeria and second most common cancers of men worldwide with sexual history as a consistent risk factor. Since human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was first identified as a risk factor for cervical cancer, several sero-epidemiologic and tissue-based studies have investigated HPV in relation to prostate cancer, another common genitourinary malignancy with mixed results. To further inform this potential association, we conducted a prospective and case-control investigation of HPV types 16 and 18 in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Serum samples from 300 men were tested for IgG antibodies against HPV-16 and -18 virus-like particles (VLPs) using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA) specific for each type, and also screened for the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as well as performed digital rectal examination (DRE). However, of the 300 men, only 167 consented to undergo DRE procedure. Men with PSA level ≥ 4ng/ml and or abnormal DRE were referred for prostate biopsy. The data demonstrated that 24.0% of those screened had abnormal DRE finding and PSA level of ≥ 4ng/ml which is suggestive of prostate cancer and 28.7% had HPV infection. Of the total number infected with HPV of any type, 29.1% and 23.3% of them were infected with HPV 16 and HPV 18 respectively. The data further revealed that both HPV-16 and -18 infections occurred more (P<0.05) among the cases (those suspected of prostate cancer) than in the controls (those without prostate cancer). Analysis of the data also revealed that the most common risk factors for prostate cancer are age, family history of prostate cancer, occupation, nature of diet and cigarette smoking, while infection with high risk human papillomaviruses appeared to be an etiologic risk factor. This study represents for the first time the prevalence of HPV infection in prostate cancer in Nigerian population and strengthens the hypothesis that HPV infection could be one of the co factors associated with risk of prostate cancer.

Keywords: Prevalence, Prostate cancer, HPV 16 and 18, PSA, DRE, Risk factors, Northwestern Nigeria.

References

  1. Abdlhalim, K., Nabila, S., Arab, B., Karim, H., Abdul-Aziz G., Tademasa, O. and Abdelmajid, B. (2013). Human Papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Co-infection in Cervical Carcinoma in Algerian Women. Virology Journal, 10:340-351.
  2. Aghakhan, A., Hamkar, R., Parvin, M., Banifazi, M., Pakfetrat, A., Banifazi, M., Eslamifar, A., Izadi, N., Jam, S. and Ramezani, A. (2011). The Role of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Prostate Carcinoma. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease, 43 (1): 64-69
  3. Alma, M.E., Adirian, C., Joaquin, M. and Carcela (2013). The Modulation of Apoptosis by Oncogenic viruses. Virology Journal, 10:182-189.
  4. Anant, N.B., Rohit M., Abdulahi, F., Amit, V., and Dwarakanath, B.S. (2010). Cancer biomarkers-current perspectives. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 132:129-149
  5. Andreas, D., Athanasions, A. and Michael, K. (2014). Novel Tools for Prostate Cancer Prognosis, Diagnosis and Follow-up. Biomedical Research International, 2014:9-21.
  6. Antoine, T., Silvia, J., Pierre, C., Rosa, M. A., Virgilio, P., Chris, J. L. M., Janets, K. and Xavier, F. B. (2001). Prevalence of Anti-human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31 and 58 virus-like particles in women in the general population and in prostitutes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39 (12): 4344-4348
  7. Carozzl, F., Lombardi, F.C, Zendron, P., Confortini, M., Sani, C., Bisanzi, S., Pontanani, G. and Ciatto, S (2004). Association of human papillomavirus with prostate cancer: analysis of a consecutive serioes of prostate biopsies. International Journal of Biological cancers, 19 (4): 257-261
  8. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Genital Infection-Fact Sheet. Accessed at www.cdc. gov/std/HPV/STDfact-HPV.htm on April. 4, 2014
  9. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Accessed at www.cdc.gov/HPV/Index.html on April 4, 2014
  10. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Cancers. Accessed at www.cdc.gov/cancer.hpv/statistices/cases htm on April. 22, 2014
  11. Chantal, B., Margaret., U., Danuta, K. and Patricia, K. (2014). Prostate cancer in South Africa: Pathology based National Cancer Registry Data (1986-2006) and mortality rates (1997-2009). Biomedical Research International, 2014:9
  12. Chikezie, O., Madu, and Yi, L. (2010). Novel diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Journal of Cancer, 1:150-177
  13. Cuzick, Jeff (1995). Human papillomavirus infection of the prostate. Cancer Survey, 23:91-95
  14. Dilner, J., Knekt, P., Boman, J., Lehtinen M., Geijersstamm, V. And Sapp, M. (1998) Sero-Epidemiological association between human papillomavirus infection and risk of prostate cancer. International Journal Cancer, 75: 564-567
  15. Eileen, F.D., Elizabeth, R.U., Maya, S., Geraldine M., David, C.S., Sonya, S.P. and Lauri, E.M. (2007). Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. The Journals of the American Medical Association, 297 (8): 813
  16. Ethel-Michel, B. V., CLude, F., Thomas, R. B., Hans-Ulrius B. and Harlard, Z, H. (2014). Classification of papillomavirus. Virology Journal, 324 (2004): 17-27
  17. Eznwa, E.V., Tijjani, K.H., Jeje, D. E., Ogunjima, A. M. and Ojewola, R.W., (2012). Prevalence of prostate cancer among Nigerians with intermediate total prostate specific antigen levels (4-10ng/ml): Experience at Lagos University Teaching Hospital Nigeria. The International Journal of Urology, 9:3
  18. Flora, U., Usito, O., Folasade, A., Osazuwa, O., Rick, K., and Lucile, A. (2003). Prevalence of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen in rural Nigeria. International Journal of Urology, 10: 315-322
  19. Formman, D., de Martel, C., Lacey, C.J., Soerjomataram, I., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Bruni, L., Vignat, J., Ferlay, J., Bray, F., Plummer, M. and Franceschi, S. (2012). Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases. Vaccine, 5:12-23
  20. Guerra-Tapia, A. Gonzalez-Gueria. and Rodriguez cerdeira, C. (2009). Common Clinical manifestions of human papillomavirus (HPV) Infection. The Open Dermatology Journal, 3: 103-110
  21. Hans-Olou, A., Hannah, K., Swen-Olod, A., Reinhold, B. and Joakim, D. (2003). Prostate cancer Risk and Serologic evidence of human papillomavirus infection: A population based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 12: 872-875
  22. Hans-Ulrich, B., Robert, D.B., Zigui,C., Koenraad, V. O., Harald, Z.H. and Ethel-michele, D.V. (2010). Classification of Papillomavirus (PVs) bases on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology Journal, 401(1): 70-79.
  23. Hariri, S., Unger, E.R. and Stenberg, M. (2011). Pretences of genital HPV among females in the United States, the National Health Nutrition Examination Surgery, 2003-2006. Journal of Infections Disease, 204(4): 566-73.

Corresponding Author

Ajang, A. Y.

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria