Title: Clinical patterns and Epidemiological characteristics of facial hyperpigmentation
Authors: Dr Kirti Deo, Dr Alisha, Dr Mahendra Singh Deora, Dr Pallavi Singh, Dr Bhavika Shah
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v7i11.78
Abstract
Background: Facial and neck pigmentations are the most cosmetically important. They are common in middle-aged women, and are related to endogenous (hormones) and exogenous factors (such as use of cosmetics and perfumes, and exposure to sun radiation). Several more or less well-defined clinical syndromes can be recognized, but many transitional forms defy classification. The majority of the world's population is brown-skinned, and an enormous amount of interest worldwide is focused on restoring hyperpigmented skin to its natural color by skin care specialists.
Methods: A Descriptive observational study is conducted among 323 patients of facial hyperpigmentation coming to outpatient Department of dermatology, venereology, leprosy of Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital, Pune. Detailed history and clinical findings were recorded in standard proforma. Necessary investigations were carried out whenever required and data was subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: We found 14 diseases mainly contributing to the cases of facial hyperpigmentation. Melasma being the most common, other causes of facial pigmentation, include post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, drug induced pigmentation, topical steroid damaged face, Riehl’s melanosis, Perioral hyperpigmenttion, Periorbital hyperpimentation, ashy dermatosis and nevus of face.
Conclusion: Facial hypermelanosis is a clinical feature of a diverse group of disorders, the most common of which is melasma. It is important to have a comprehensive understanding and information on the clinico-epidemiological profile and etiological factors of various clinical entities of facial hyperpigmentation for better management of patients.
Keywords: Facial Hyperpigmentation, Melasma, Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, Topical steroid damaged face, Drug induced hyperpigmentation.
References
- Hassan I, Aleem S, Bhat YJ, Anwar P. A clinicoepidemiological study of facial melanosis. Pigment Int. 2015;2:34-40.
- Bastonini E, Kovacs D, Picardo M. Skin pigmentation and pigmentary disorders: focus on epidermal/dermal cross-talk. Annals of dermatology. 2016 Jun 1;28(3):279-89.
- Ana Pérez-Bernal, Miguel A, Muñoz-Pérez, Camacho F. Management of Facial Hyperpigmentation. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000 Sep-Oct;1(5):261-8.
- Achar A, Rathi SK. Melasma: A clinico-epidemiological study of 312 cases. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56:380-382.
- Vazquez M, Maldonado H, Benaman C et al. Melasma in men: a clinical and histologic study. Int J Dermatol. 1988;27(1):25–27.
- Nicole L. Lacz, , Janet Vafaie, , Nadia I. Kihiczak,, Robert A.Schwartz. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a common but troubling condition. International Journal of Dermatology. 2004;43:362-5
- Pal D, Biswas P, Das S, De A, Sharma N, Ansari A. Topical steroid damaged/dependent face (TSDF): A study from a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Indian J Dermatol 2018;63:375-9
- Saraswat A, Lahiri K, Chatterjee M, Barua S, Coondoo A, Mittal A, et al. Topical corticosteroid abuse on the face: A prospective, multicenter study of dermatology outpatients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77:160-6.
- Ranu H, Thng S, Goh BK, Burger A, Goh CL. Periorbital hyperpigmentation in Asians: an epidemiologic study and a proposed classification. Dermatol Surg. 2011Sep;37(9):1297-1303.
- Vega ME, Waxtein L, Arenas R et al. Ashy dermatosis and lichen planus pigmentosus: a clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Int J Dermatol.1992;31: 90-94
- Bhutani LK, Bedi TR, Pandhi RK, Nayak NC. Lichen planus pigmentosus. Dermatologica. 1974;149:43-50.
- Rorsman H. Riehl’s melanoses. Int J Dermatol. 1982 Mar;21(2):75-8.
- Kopf AW, Weidman AI: Nevus of Ota. Arch Dermatol 1962;85:195–208