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Abstract
As a result of the increasing power demand and the high penetration of distributed generations (DG), a current can suddenly increase during a contingency. This fault current gives the possibility of exceeding the ratings of the existing protective devices. Therefore, in power systems, the utilization of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) can suppress the unanticipated short-circuit currents in utility distribution and transmission networks, so that the underrated switchgears can be operated safely. SFCL's eliÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂminate or greatly reduce the financial burden on the utilities by reducing the wear on circuit breakers and protecting other expensive equipment. Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) based on high temperature superconductors (HTS) is an enabling technology for the extensive fault current limitation when compared to conventional circuit breakers (CBs) and other fault current limiters. Superconducting FCLs can be installed at optimum locations in the transmission network to reduce fault currents to within a tolerable range when a new power plant is installed. With these placements, we can make full use of the advantages of smart grid’s communication network and different characteristics of FCL devices in different categories to offer a more flexible and reliable protection for future power grid. This paper outlines various types and basic application guidelines for using superconducting fault current limiters in electrical utility network.
Keywords: Fault current, smart grid, superconducting fault current limiter
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How to Cite
Chaudhary, C. V., Mahajan, G. K., & Chaudhari, A. P. (2015). A Comprehensive Review on Superconducting Fault Current Limiters in Electrical Utility Network. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 2(05). Retrieved from http://igmpublication.org/ijetst.in/index.php/ijetst/article/view/686
References
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[9] Jae-Sang Hwang; Khan, U.A.; Woo-Ju Shin; Jae-Kyu Seong; Jong-Geon Lee; Yong-Han Kim; Bang-Wook Lee, "Validity Analysis on the Positioning of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in Neighboring AC and DC Microgrid," Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on , vol.23, no.3, pp.5600204,5600204, June 2013
doi: 10.1109/TASC.2012.2228735
[10] R Dommerque et al, “First Commercial Medium Voltage Superconducting Fault-Current Limiters: Production, Test And Installationâ€, Superconductor Science and Technology, Volume 23, Number 3, 2010.
doi:10.1088/0953-2048/23/3/034020
[11] Gianluigi Migliavacca, “Advanced Technologies for Future Transmission Grids", Springer Science & Business Media, Electric Power Transmission, pp. 362, 04-Dec-2012
[12] ABB, “The World’s First Superconducting Device for Commercail Use by an Electrical Utilityâ€, November 21, 1996, http://www.abb.com
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[14] S. Eckroad, “Survey of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) Technologies – Updateâ€. Technical Report, EPRI, 2008. (Cited on pages viii, 4, 26, 39, 41, 42, 58)
[15] Joachim Bock, Achim Hobl, Simon Krämer, Markus Bludau, Judith Schramm, Christian Jänke, Mark Rikel, Steffen Elschner, “Nexans’ Superconducting Fault Current Limiters for Medium Voltage Applications – Status and Prospectsâ€, C I R E D 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution Frankfurt, Paper 0352, 6-9 June 2011.
[16] K.E. Gray and D.E. Fowler, “A Superconducting Fault-Current Limiterâ€, Journal of Applied Physics, 49(4):2546{2550, April 1978. doi:10.1063/1.325061.
[17] BERR, Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform: Application of Fault Current Limiters contract no.: DG/DTI/00077/06/REP, 2007.
[18] Sung-Hun Lim, “Fault Current Waveform Analysis of a Flux-Lock Type SFCL According to LC Resonance Condition of Third Windingâ€, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 213~217, 2008
[19] Swarn Singh Kalsi, “Fault Current Limitersâ€, in Applied Superconductivity: Handbook on Devices and Applications, Paul Siedel(Ed), Wiley VCH, pp. 632, 2005.
[20] Mathias Noe and Michael Steurer, “High-Temperature Superconductor Fault Current Limiters: Concepts, Applications, and Development Status†Supercond. Sci. Technol. Vol. 20, R15, 2007
[21] AREVA T&D Research & Technology Center; Buker HTS GmbH: “Inductive and Resistive HTS Fault Current Limiters: Prototyping, Testing, Comparingâ€, 13 May 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/Medien-DB/iot/6-inductive-and-resistive-hts-fault-current-limiter-prototyping-testing-comparing-a-usoskin-f-mumford.pdf [Accessed: April 25, 2015].
[22] P. G. Slade, et al, "The Utility Requirements for A Distribution Fault Current Limiters", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, 507-515, April 1992. DOI: 10.1109/61.127043
[23] V.V. Rao and Soumen Kar, “Superconducting Fault Current Limiters - A Reviewâ€, Indian Journal of Cryogenics, Vol. 36, No. 1-4, pp.14-25, 2011.
[24] Tutorial of American Superconductor Corporation (Brockenborough 1996), “FAULT-CURRENT LIMITERS (FCL)â€, WTEC Hyper-Librarian, Chapter 4, September 1997.
[25] CIGRE WG A3.10, “Fault Current Limiters in Electrical Medium and High Voltage Systemsâ€, CIGRE Technical Broacher 239, December 2003.
[26] Swarn S. Kalsi. (8 April 2011). Applications of High Temperature Superconductors to Electric Power Equipment, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
[27] S. Eckroad, "Survey of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) Technologies," Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 1017793, 2009.
[28] S. B. Abbott , D. A. Robinson , S. Perera , F. A. Darmann , C. J. Hawley , and T. P. Beales , “ Simulation of HTS Saturable Core - Type FCLs for MV Distribution Systems , †IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 21 ( 2 ): 1013 , 2006
[29] S. Elschner, F. Breuer, H. Walter, and J. Bock, "Magnetic Field Assisted Quench Propagation as a New Concept for Resistive Current Limiting Devices," in 7th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, Vienna, Austria, 2006.
[30] Linmang Wang, Pengzan Jiang, Dada Wan. (2012) Summary of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Technology in Sabo Sambath ana EguiZhu. Frontiers in computer education, (eds.). Published: Berlin; New York: Springer, cop., Pp.819, 2012.
[31] Zhang. Z., “The Research of Bridge Type High Temperature Superconductivity Current Limiter,†Chinese Academy of Science Postdoctoral Work Report, 2006.
[32] Xiaoze Pei, “Superconducting Fault Current Limiter with Integrated Vacuum Interrupter,†PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, United Kingdom, 2012.
[33] S. H. Lim, "Analysis on Current Limiting Characteristics of a Flux-lock Type SFCL with Two Triggering Current Levels," Physica C: Superconductivity, vol. 471, pp. 1354-1357, 2011.
[34] Dependence of External Magnetic Field in the Matrix-Type SFCL with the Separated or the Integrated Reactors - ResearchGate. Available:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/264036066_Dependence_of_External_Magnetic_Field_in_the_Matrix-Type_SFCL_with_the_Separated_or_the_Integrated_Reactors [accessed Mar 25, 2015].
[35] Kovalsky, L.; Xing Yuan; Tekletsadik, K.; Keri, A.; Bock, J.; Breuer, F., "Applications of superconducting fault current limiters in electric power transmission systems," Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on , vol.15, no.2, pp.2130,2133, June 2005.
doi: 10.1109/TASC.2005.849471
[36] WTEC Hyper-Librarian, (September 1997). FAULT-CURRENT LIMITERS (FCL), http://www.wtec.org/loyola/scpa/04_03.htm#foot1, [accessed Mar 3, 2015].
[37] Didier, G.; Leveque, J.; Rezzoug, A., "A Novel Approach to Determine the Optimal Location of SFCL in Electric Power Grid to Improve Power System stability," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.28, no.2, pp.978, 984, May 2013 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2224386
[2] Y. G. Hegazy, M. M. A. Salama, and A. Y. Chikhani, “Adequacy Assessment of Distributed Generation Systems using Monte Carlo Simulation,†IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 48–52, Feb. 2003.
[3] Dugan R.C., McDermott T.E. and G.J. Ball,"Planning for Distributed Generation", IEEE Industrial Application Magazine, Vol. 7, pp. 80-88, 2001.
[4] Hadi Zayandehroodi, Azah Mohamed, Hussain Shareef, and Marjan Mohammadjafari, "A Comprehensive review of protection coordination methods in power distribution systems in the presence of DG" Electrical Review.8, 142-148,
2011. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/hadi_zayandehroodi/11
[5] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, “Microprocessor Based Reclosing to Coordinate Fuse and Recloser in a System with High Penetration of Distributed Generation,†in Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering and Society, Winter Meeting, Vol. 1, pp. 453-458, 2002.
[6] S. M. Brahma and A. A. Girgis, “Development of Adaptive Protection Scheme for Distribution Systems with high Penetration of Distributed Generation,†IEEE trans-action Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 56-63, 2004. DOI:10.1109/TPWRD.2003.820204
[7] S. Chaitusaney and A. Yokoyama, “Impact of Protection Coordination on Sizes of Several Distributed Generation Sources,†7th International Power Engineering Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 669-674, 2005.
[8] Sung-Hun Lim, Jin-Seok Kim, Myong-Hyon Kim, Jae-Chul Kim, “Improvement of Protection Coordination of Protective Devices through Application of a SFCL in a Power Distribution System with a Dispersed Generationâ€, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (Impact Factor: 1.32); 22(3):5601004-5601004, 06/2012. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2011.2181930
[9] Jae-Sang Hwang; Khan, U.A.; Woo-Ju Shin; Jae-Kyu Seong; Jong-Geon Lee; Yong-Han Kim; Bang-Wook Lee, "Validity Analysis on the Positioning of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in Neighboring AC and DC Microgrid," Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on , vol.23, no.3, pp.5600204,5600204, June 2013
doi: 10.1109/TASC.2012.2228735
[10] R Dommerque et al, “First Commercial Medium Voltage Superconducting Fault-Current Limiters: Production, Test And Installationâ€, Superconductor Science and Technology, Volume 23, Number 3, 2010.
doi:10.1088/0953-2048/23/3/034020
[11] Gianluigi Migliavacca, “Advanced Technologies for Future Transmission Grids", Springer Science & Business Media, Electric Power Transmission, pp. 362, 04-Dec-2012
[12] ABB, “The World’s First Superconducting Device for Commercail Use by an Electrical Utilityâ€, November 21, 1996, http://www.abb.com
[13] ABB, The World’s Most Powerful Superconducting Fault Current Limiter, March 7, 2001, http://www.abb.com
[14] S. Eckroad, “Survey of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) Technologies – Updateâ€. Technical Report, EPRI, 2008. (Cited on pages viii, 4, 26, 39, 41, 42, 58)
[15] Joachim Bock, Achim Hobl, Simon Krämer, Markus Bludau, Judith Schramm, Christian Jänke, Mark Rikel, Steffen Elschner, “Nexans’ Superconducting Fault Current Limiters for Medium Voltage Applications – Status and Prospectsâ€, C I R E D 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution Frankfurt, Paper 0352, 6-9 June 2011.
[16] K.E. Gray and D.E. Fowler, “A Superconducting Fault-Current Limiterâ€, Journal of Applied Physics, 49(4):2546{2550, April 1978. doi:10.1063/1.325061.
[17] BERR, Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform: Application of Fault Current Limiters contract no.: DG/DTI/00077/06/REP, 2007.
[18] Sung-Hun Lim, “Fault Current Waveform Analysis of a Flux-Lock Type SFCL According to LC Resonance Condition of Third Windingâ€, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 213~217, 2008
[19] Swarn Singh Kalsi, “Fault Current Limitersâ€, in Applied Superconductivity: Handbook on Devices and Applications, Paul Siedel(Ed), Wiley VCH, pp. 632, 2005.
[20] Mathias Noe and Michael Steurer, “High-Temperature Superconductor Fault Current Limiters: Concepts, Applications, and Development Status†Supercond. Sci. Technol. Vol. 20, R15, 2007
[21] AREVA T&D Research & Technology Center; Buker HTS GmbH: “Inductive and Resistive HTS Fault Current Limiters: Prototyping, Testing, Comparingâ€, 13 May 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/Medien-DB/iot/6-inductive-and-resistive-hts-fault-current-limiter-prototyping-testing-comparing-a-usoskin-f-mumford.pdf [Accessed: April 25, 2015].
[22] P. G. Slade, et al, "The Utility Requirements for A Distribution Fault Current Limiters", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, 507-515, April 1992. DOI: 10.1109/61.127043
[23] V.V. Rao and Soumen Kar, “Superconducting Fault Current Limiters - A Reviewâ€, Indian Journal of Cryogenics, Vol. 36, No. 1-4, pp.14-25, 2011.
[24] Tutorial of American Superconductor Corporation (Brockenborough 1996), “FAULT-CURRENT LIMITERS (FCL)â€, WTEC Hyper-Librarian, Chapter 4, September 1997.
[25] CIGRE WG A3.10, “Fault Current Limiters in Electrical Medium and High Voltage Systemsâ€, CIGRE Technical Broacher 239, December 2003.
[26] Swarn S. Kalsi. (8 April 2011). Applications of High Temperature Superconductors to Electric Power Equipment, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
[27] S. Eckroad, "Survey of Fault Current Limiter (FCL) Technologies," Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 1017793, 2009.
[28] S. B. Abbott , D. A. Robinson , S. Perera , F. A. Darmann , C. J. Hawley , and T. P. Beales , “ Simulation of HTS Saturable Core - Type FCLs for MV Distribution Systems , †IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 21 ( 2 ): 1013 , 2006
[29] S. Elschner, F. Breuer, H. Walter, and J. Bock, "Magnetic Field Assisted Quench Propagation as a New Concept for Resistive Current Limiting Devices," in 7th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, Vienna, Austria, 2006.
[30] Linmang Wang, Pengzan Jiang, Dada Wan. (2012) Summary of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Technology in Sabo Sambath ana EguiZhu. Frontiers in computer education, (eds.). Published: Berlin; New York: Springer, cop., Pp.819, 2012.
[31] Zhang. Z., “The Research of Bridge Type High Temperature Superconductivity Current Limiter,†Chinese Academy of Science Postdoctoral Work Report, 2006.
[32] Xiaoze Pei, “Superconducting Fault Current Limiter with Integrated Vacuum Interrupter,†PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, United Kingdom, 2012.
[33] S. H. Lim, "Analysis on Current Limiting Characteristics of a Flux-lock Type SFCL with Two Triggering Current Levels," Physica C: Superconductivity, vol. 471, pp. 1354-1357, 2011.
[34] Dependence of External Magnetic Field in the Matrix-Type SFCL with the Separated or the Integrated Reactors - ResearchGate. Available:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/264036066_Dependence_of_External_Magnetic_Field_in_the_Matrix-Type_SFCL_with_the_Separated_or_the_Integrated_Reactors [accessed Mar 25, 2015].
[35] Kovalsky, L.; Xing Yuan; Tekletsadik, K.; Keri, A.; Bock, J.; Breuer, F., "Applications of superconducting fault current limiters in electric power transmission systems," Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on , vol.15, no.2, pp.2130,2133, June 2005.
doi: 10.1109/TASC.2005.849471
[36] WTEC Hyper-Librarian, (September 1997). FAULT-CURRENT LIMITERS (FCL), http://www.wtec.org/loyola/scpa/04_03.htm#foot1, [accessed Mar 3, 2015].
[37] Didier, G.; Leveque, J.; Rezzoug, A., "A Novel Approach to Determine the Optimal Location of SFCL in Electric Power Grid to Improve Power System stability," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.28, no.2, pp.978, 984, May 2013 doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2224386