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Abstract
Feeling of loneliness and being alone were found to be independent predictors of motor decline in old age.[33.[34] It also leads to memory impairment and learning difficulties, and makes the person prone to Alzheimer's disease.[35] Several researchers report interventions for loneliness. These interventions are to be individualized to control expectations as per personal efficiency[26] and improve capacities to socialize,[27] Behavioral training and feedback regulate behavior and improve the frequency and degree of loneliness positively.[28,29] Studies reported that members of intervention groups favorably responded on social contacts and loneliness in comparison to controls.[30] Thus, loneliness is a treatable, rather than an irreversible condition
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How to Cite
THANASEKARAN, M. P. (2014). LONELINESS IS A DISEASE. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 1(04). Retrieved from http://igmpublication.org/ijetst.in/index.php/ijetst/article/view/150
References
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5. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness and pathways to disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17:S98–105. [PubMed]
6. Donald AW, Kellner R, West MM. The Effects of Loneliness: A Review of the Literature.Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1986;27:351–83. [PubMed]
7. Mor-Barak ME, Miller LS. A longitudinal study of the causal relationship between social networks and health of the poor frail elderly. J Appl Gerontol. 1991;10:293–310. [PubMed]
8. Wilkes R. General philosophy and attitude to ageing. Soc Work Today. 1978;9:14–6.
9. Bennet R. The concept and measurement of social isolation. In: Bennet R, editor. Ageing, Isolation and Resocialization. New York: Van Nastrand Reinhold Co; 1980.
10. Freeman H. Psychosocial effects of social isolation in the elderly. Danish Med Bull: J Health Sci Geron tol. 1988;6:13–23.
11. Grant VJ. Return to the community: Away back for isolated and depressed elderly people. Paper presented to International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Zagreeb. In: Jerrome D, editor. Good Company: An anthropological study of old people in groups. Edinburgh University Press; 1992.
12. Mullins LC, Johnston DP, Anderson L. Social and emotional isolation among the elderly: a conceptual view of loneliness. Danish Medical Bulletin: J Health Sci Gerontol: Special Supplement.1988;(6):26–9.
13. Knipscheer, Kees CPM. Social support and isolation as health related variables. Danish Med Bull: J Health Sci Gerontol. 1988;6:23–6.
14. Jerrome D. Loneliness: possibilities for intervention. J Aging Stud. 1991;5:195–208.
15. Jylha M, Saarenheimo M. Loneliness and ageing: comparative perspective. In: Dannefer D, Phillipson C, editors. The Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology. Sage Publications Ltd; 2009. pp. 317–25.
16. Windle K, Francis J, Coomber C. Preventing loneliness and scial isolation: interventions and outcomes. Research Briefing 39; Social Care Institute for Excellence. 2011. [Last accessed on 2013, June 3]. Available from: http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/briefings/files/briefing39.pdf .
17. Havinghurst R. Ageing in western society. In: Hobman D, editor. The Social Challenge of Ageing.London: Croom Helm; 1978. pp. 15–44.
18. Hunt A. Social Survey Division. London: OPCS, HMSO; 1978. The elderly at home: A study of people aged sixty five and over living in the community in England in 1976.
19. Wenger GC. Loneliness: A problem of measurement. In: Jerrome D, editor. Ageing in Modern Society. London: Croom-Helm; 1983. pp. 145–167.
20. Wenger GC, Davies R, Shahtahmasebi S, Scott A. Social isolation and loneliness in old age: review and model refinement. Ageing Soc. 1996;16:333–58.
21. Jeyalakshmi S, Chakrabarti S, Gupta N. Situation analysis of the elderly in India. Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India document. 2011 Jun
22. NSSO. Morbidity, health care and the condition of the aged–NSS 60th round (January-June)National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Govt. of India. 2004 Report No. 507 (60/25.0/1)
23. Havens B, Hall M. The effect of social isolation and loneliness on the health of older women. Ageing in Manitoba. 1999. [Last accessed on 2013, Feb 22]. Available from:http://www.pwhce.ca/effectSocialIsolation .
24. Kivett VR. Disriminators of loneliness among the rural elderly: Implications for intervention.Gerontologist. 1979;19:108–15. [PubMed]
25. Peplau LA, Perlman D. Perspective on loneliness. In: Peplau LA, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1982. pp. 1–18.
26. Weeks DJ. A review of loneliness concepts, with particular reference to old age. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1994;9:345–55.
27. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev.1977;84:191–215. [PubMed]
28. Young J. Loneliness, depression and cognitive therapy: Theory and application. In: Peplau L, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1982. pp. 379–404.
29. Evans RL, Werkoven W, Fox HR. Treatment of social isolation and loneliness in a sample of visually impaired elderly persons. Psychol Rep. 1982;51:103–8. [PubMed]
30. Andersson L. Intervention against loneliness in a group of elderly women: An impact evaluation.Soc Sci Med. 1985;20:355–64. [PubMed]
31. Jones WH, Hobbs SA, Hockenbury D. Loneliness and social skill deficits. J Pers Soc Psychol.1982;42:682–9. [PubMed]
32. Nerviano VJ, Gross WF. Loneliness and locus of control for alcoholic males. J Clin Psychol.1976;32:479–84.
33. Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS, James BD, Leurgans SE, Arnold SE, et al. Loneliness and the rate of motor decline in old age: The rush memory and aging project, a community-based cohort study.BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:77. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
34. Brooks M. Lonely elderly at risk for functional decline, death. Arch Intern Med. [Last published on June 2012 Jun 18]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765887 .
35. Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Straus E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: Occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11:111–28. [PMC free article][PubMed]
36. Harison P. Loneliness increase dementia risk among the elderly. Medscape News-Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2012. Dec 18, [Last accessed on 2013, Feb 20]. Available from:http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776327 .
2. Stravynski A, Boyer R. Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: A population-wide study. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2001;31:32–40. [PubMed]
3. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and risk of alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:234–40. [PubMed]
4. Radowitz JV. Loneliness can increase Alzheimer's risk’ The Independent. 2012. Dec 11, [Last accessed on 2013, Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/loneliness-can-increase-alzheimers-risk-8405166 .
5. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness and pathways to disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17:S98–105. [PubMed]
6. Donald AW, Kellner R, West MM. The Effects of Loneliness: A Review of the Literature.Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1986;27:351–83. [PubMed]
7. Mor-Barak ME, Miller LS. A longitudinal study of the causal relationship between social networks and health of the poor frail elderly. J Appl Gerontol. 1991;10:293–310. [PubMed]
8. Wilkes R. General philosophy and attitude to ageing. Soc Work Today. 1978;9:14–6.
9. Bennet R. The concept and measurement of social isolation. In: Bennet R, editor. Ageing, Isolation and Resocialization. New York: Van Nastrand Reinhold Co; 1980.
10. Freeman H. Psychosocial effects of social isolation in the elderly. Danish Med Bull: J Health Sci Geron tol. 1988;6:13–23.
11. Grant VJ. Return to the community: Away back for isolated and depressed elderly people. Paper presented to International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Zagreeb. In: Jerrome D, editor. Good Company: An anthropological study of old people in groups. Edinburgh University Press; 1992.
12. Mullins LC, Johnston DP, Anderson L. Social and emotional isolation among the elderly: a conceptual view of loneliness. Danish Medical Bulletin: J Health Sci Gerontol: Special Supplement.1988;(6):26–9.
13. Knipscheer, Kees CPM. Social support and isolation as health related variables. Danish Med Bull: J Health Sci Gerontol. 1988;6:23–6.
14. Jerrome D. Loneliness: possibilities for intervention. J Aging Stud. 1991;5:195–208.
15. Jylha M, Saarenheimo M. Loneliness and ageing: comparative perspective. In: Dannefer D, Phillipson C, editors. The Sage Handbook of Social Gerontology. Sage Publications Ltd; 2009. pp. 317–25.
16. Windle K, Francis J, Coomber C. Preventing loneliness and scial isolation: interventions and outcomes. Research Briefing 39; Social Care Institute for Excellence. 2011. [Last accessed on 2013, June 3]. Available from: http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/briefings/files/briefing39.pdf .
17. Havinghurst R. Ageing in western society. In: Hobman D, editor. The Social Challenge of Ageing.London: Croom Helm; 1978. pp. 15–44.
18. Hunt A. Social Survey Division. London: OPCS, HMSO; 1978. The elderly at home: A study of people aged sixty five and over living in the community in England in 1976.
19. Wenger GC. Loneliness: A problem of measurement. In: Jerrome D, editor. Ageing in Modern Society. London: Croom-Helm; 1983. pp. 145–167.
20. Wenger GC, Davies R, Shahtahmasebi S, Scott A. Social isolation and loneliness in old age: review and model refinement. Ageing Soc. 1996;16:333–58.
21. Jeyalakshmi S, Chakrabarti S, Gupta N. Situation analysis of the elderly in India. Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India document. 2011 Jun
22. NSSO. Morbidity, health care and the condition of the aged–NSS 60th round (January-June)National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Govt. of India. 2004 Report No. 507 (60/25.0/1)
23. Havens B, Hall M. The effect of social isolation and loneliness on the health of older women. Ageing in Manitoba. 1999. [Last accessed on 2013, Feb 22]. Available from:http://www.pwhce.ca/effectSocialIsolation .
24. Kivett VR. Disriminators of loneliness among the rural elderly: Implications for intervention.Gerontologist. 1979;19:108–15. [PubMed]
25. Peplau LA, Perlman D. Perspective on loneliness. In: Peplau LA, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1982. pp. 1–18.
26. Weeks DJ. A review of loneliness concepts, with particular reference to old age. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1994;9:345–55.
27. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev.1977;84:191–215. [PubMed]
28. Young J. Loneliness, depression and cognitive therapy: Theory and application. In: Peplau L, Perlman D, editors. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1982. pp. 379–404.
29. Evans RL, Werkoven W, Fox HR. Treatment of social isolation and loneliness in a sample of visually impaired elderly persons. Psychol Rep. 1982;51:103–8. [PubMed]
30. Andersson L. Intervention against loneliness in a group of elderly women: An impact evaluation.Soc Sci Med. 1985;20:355–64. [PubMed]
31. Jones WH, Hobbs SA, Hockenbury D. Loneliness and social skill deficits. J Pers Soc Psychol.1982;42:682–9. [PubMed]
32. Nerviano VJ, Gross WF. Loneliness and locus of control for alcoholic males. J Clin Psychol.1976;32:479–84.
33. Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS, James BD, Leurgans SE, Arnold SE, et al. Loneliness and the rate of motor decline in old age: The rush memory and aging project, a community-based cohort study.BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:77. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
34. Brooks M. Lonely elderly at risk for functional decline, death. Arch Intern Med. [Last published on June 2012 Jun 18]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765887 .
35. Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Straus E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: Occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11:111–28. [PMC free article][PubMed]
36. Harison P. Loneliness increase dementia risk among the elderly. Medscape News-Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2012. Dec 18, [Last accessed on 2013, Feb 20]. Available from:http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776327 .