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Abstract
 Naphthoquinones are common compounds found in several species of Bignoniaceae and exhibit anti plasmodial activity hence providing leads for discovery and development of anti theilerial drugs.  This study has established the presence of naphthoquinones in the leaf, stem bark and root bark of S. kunthianum for both the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts and established the anti theilerial activity of the lipophilic root bark extract. Sixteen unknown naphthoquinones in both the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of the leaf; stem bark and root bark of S. kunthianum were screened by Thin layer chromatographic technique. The lipophilic root bark extract of S.kunthianum caused death of macroschizonts of T.parva with 18 % mean percentage activity at a start experimental dose of 1 µg/L. The mean percentage activity against macroschizonts of T. parva increased with increase in the concentration of the lipophilic root bark extract of S. kunthianum. The in vitro Median Effective Concentration, EC50 of 1.585µg/L as compared to the reported EC50 of 0.3 µg/L for Buparvaquone, a known hydroxy naphthoquinone used in the treatment of ECF, was obtained for the lipophilic root bark extract of Stereospermum kunthianum against Theileria parva by linear regression analysis.
Key words: Stereospermum kunthianum, Anti-theilerial Activity, Lipophilic, Root Bark Extract, Theileria Parva
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How to Cite
Lutoti, S., Anyama, N., Iberet, J., Kwiringira, W., Bamuwamye, M., Aber, J., Nambejja, C., Agwaya, M., Okia, C., Nambatya, G. K., Ogwang, P. E., & Onegi, B. J. (2014). Evaluation of Anti-theilerial Activity of A lipophilic Root Bark Extract of Stereospermum kunthianum against Theileria Parva. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 1(04). Retrieved from http://igmpublication.org/ijetst.in/index.php/ijetst/article/view/126
References
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“Chapter 3: Materials and methodsâ€, p.38. Retrieved 31 july 2013 from www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/.../3_Chapter3_Materials_Methods.pdf?...2348033213392 emeka
Chenyambuga S W, Waiswa C, Saimo M, Ngumi P and Gwakisa P S (2010): Knowledge and perceptions of traditional livestock keepers on tick-borne diseases and sero-prevalence of Theileria parva around Lake Victoria Basin. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #135. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/7/chen22135.htm
Cynthia M. Kahn, Merck Editor, Scott Line (2011): The Merck Veterinary Manual for veterinary professionals, Merck & Co Inc, retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/circulatory_system/blood_parasites/theileriases.html
Elsheikha et al., (2011): Essentials of veterinary parasitology. Horizon scientific press. [Available online]. From: http://books.google.co.ug/books
Evans. W.C (Ed.). (2009): Trease & Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, United Kingdom, Elsevier limited, Pages 263-297.
Farah. H , Amin, Khalid, Hassan and Husssein (2012): In vitro activity of the aqueous extract of Gardenia ternifolia fruits against Theileria lestoquardi. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Vol. 6(41), pages 5447-5451.
Fieser et al., (1948) Naphthoquinone Antimalarials. II., Correlation of Structure and Activity Against P. lophurae in Ducks, Journal of American Chemical Society,Vol.70 Supl.1,P.3156-3165
Gafner .S, Wolfender J-L, Nianga .M, Stoeckli-Evans.H, Hostettmann K (1996 ): Antifungal and antibacterial naphthoquinones from Newbouldia laevis roots Phytochemistry, Volume 42, Issue 5, July 1996, Pages 1315-1320
GALVmed (2010): Fostering commercial innovation for better animal health, in DFID. Research 2009-2010:Providing research evidence that enables poverty reduction. Available from http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Galv/DFID_impact_case_study_ECF_April_2010%5B1%5D.pdf . [Accessed 14/12/2012]
Gidey Y. et al. (2012): An ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Seharti-Samre district, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science [Online] 6(3), pp. 113-119.
Great Ships Initiative (2009): “Standard operating procedure†retrieved 10th November 2012 from: http//www.nemw.org/ GSI/protocols.
Hughes, L.M.; Lanteri, C.A.; O'Neil, M.T.; Johnson, J.D.; Gribble, G.W.; Trumpower, B.L(2011): Design of anti-parasitic and anti-fungal hydroxy-naphthoquinones that are less susceptible to drug resistance. Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology vol. 177 issue 1, Pages 12-19.
Ioset, Jean-Robert; Marston; Gupta, Mahabir P.; Hostettmann, Kurt.(1998): Antifungal and larvicidal meroterpenoid naphthoquinones and a naphthoxirene from the roots of Cordia linnaei.Phytochemistry vol. 47 issue 5, p. 729-734.
Jongejan. F et al., (1984): Cultivation of Theileria. I., Attempts to complete the cycle of Theileria parva in vitro , Veterinary quarterly, Vol 6, Issue 1, Available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01652176.1984.9693905#preview accessed 26/02/2013.
Kayser O, Kiderlen A F, Laatsch H, Croft S L (2000): In vitro leishmanicidal activity of monomeric and dimeric naphthoquinones., Acta Tropica vol. 76 issue 2 p. 131-138.
Kerdmanee.C, Sarataphan.N, Mungthin.M, Chansiri.K, Chansiri.G, Tan-ariya.P (2001): A Preliminary Study on Drug Responsiveness of a Benign Theileria Thai Isolate to Antihemosporozoal Compounds and Plant Extracts Using Two Different Methods, Pages 63-70.
Kinabo L D B (1989): Pharmacology of the new antitheilerial drugs: parvaquone, buparvaquone and halofuginone. Protozoological Abstracts 13(12): 491-498.
Letcher M.R, Shirley. I.M (1992): o-Naphthoquinones from the heartwood of Azanza garckeana, Phytochemistry, Volume 31, Issue 12, Pages 4171-4172.
Marcellino, W. L., Salih, D. A., Julla, I. I.; El-Hussein, A. M.(2011): Economic impact of east coast fever in central equatorial state of south Sudan, Vol. 1 No. 6, Pages 218-220.
Mbao V, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, et al.(2005); Parasitology ; Comparison of manual and homogenizer methods for preparation of tick-derived stabilates of Theileria parva: equivalence testing using an in vitro titration model, 131(Pt 1), Pages 45-49.
McHardy N (1978): In vitro studies on the action of menoctone and other compounds on Theileria parva and T. annulata Ann Trop Med Parasitol.;72(6):501-11.
McHardy N (1985): “Buparvaquone, the new antitheilerial: A review of its efficacy and safety†Available online at http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5549e/x5549e11.htm
McHardy N, Wekesa, L.S, Hudson A.T. and Randall A.W., (1985): Antitheilerial activity of BW 720C (buparvaquone): a comparison with parvaquone, Research in Veterinary Science 39:29-33.
Morrison W.I, MacHugh N.D & Lalor.P.A, (1996): Infection and Immunity, Pathogenicity of Theileria parva is influenced by the host cell type infected by the parasite, 64(2): 557–562 Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC173801/
Ocaido M, Otim C P and Kakaire D (2009): “Impact of major diseases and vectors in smallholder cattle production systems in different agro-ecological zones and farming systems in Ugandaâ€
OlÃmpio da Silva, Adriano; da Silva Lopes, Rosangela; Vieira de Lima, Ricardo; Santos Suniga Tozatti, Camila; Marques, Maria Rita; de Albuquerque, Sérgio; Beatriz, Adilson; Pires de Lima, Dênis (2013). European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry vol. 60, pages 51-56.
Onegi B, Kraft C, Köhler I, Freund M, Jenett-Siems K, Siems K, Beyer G, Melzig MF, Bienzle U, Eich E( 2002): Antiplasmodial activity of naphthoquinones and one anthraquinone from Stereospermum kunthianum. Phytochemistry.;60(1), Pages39-44.
Pinto V.A and Solange L C ( 2009): The Trypanocidal Activity of Naphthoquinones: A Review., Molecules, 14(11), Pages 4570-4590
Schuck C.D, Ferreira B.S, Cruz N L, Rocha R.D , Moraes S M, Nakabashi M, Philip J Rosenthal, Vitor F Ferreira and Celia RS (2013): Biological evaluation of hydroxynaphthoquinones as anti-malarials, Malaria Journal, 12:234
Sunassee, Suthananda N/SN, Veale, Clinton G L/CG, Shunmoogam-Gounden, Nelusha/N, Osoniyi, Omalaja/O, Hendricks, Denver T/DT, Caira, Mino R/MR; de la Mare, Jo-Anne/JA, Edkins, Adrienne L/AL, Pinto, Antônio V/AV, da Silva Júnior, Eufrânio N/EN;Davies-Coleman, Michael T/MT (2013): Cytotoxicity of lapachol, β-lapachone and related synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinones against oesophageal cancer cells. European journal of medicinal chemistry, Vol 62, Pages 98-110
Tabuti J RS, Dhillion S S, and Lye K A (2003): Ethnoveterinary medicines for cattle (Bos indicus) in Bulamogi County, Uganda: plant species and mode of use. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88, 279-286.
Tabuti.J.RS et al. (2009): Ethnoveterinary knowledge in pastoral Karamoja, Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology[Online] 122(2). P.273-293.
Tatum, J H, Baker, R A , Berry, R E (1987): Naphthoquinones and derivatives from fusarium. Phytochemistry vol. 26 issue 3, Pages 795-798.
The New vision, “East coast fever out break†Monday 25th March, 2013; Page 6.
The Uganda journal: Journal of the Uganda Society, Exploration of Rwenzori, Volume 19. No.2, September 1955.
Uganda Picks, 13th September 2012: “Farmers in Kiruhura District Petition Parliament Over East Coast Fever†‘Available online at http://www.ugandapicks.com/2012/09/farmers-in-kiruhura-district-petition-parliament-over-eastcoast-fever-12805.html
Uganda Radio Network (2012): “Minister Accuses Kiruhura Farmers of Politicising East Coast Fever Outbreak.†Available online at http://direct.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=46661&PHPSESSID=0ddf851be090f4a0fcb4979ee70010bc
Wagner H.et al.,(1996) : Plant drug Analysis: a Thin layer chromatography Atlas.[Online] Second edition, Springer, Pages 274-289.
Wanzala et al. (2012) “Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, Western Kenyaâ€.
Wanzala.W and Gakuubi. M. (2012): A survey of plants and plant products traditionally used in livestock health management in Buuri district, Meru County, Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Vol.39, Pages 1-39.
Bapela M. J, Lall N, Meyer J (2007): Seasonal variation of naphthoquinones in Euclea natalensis subspecies natalensis. South African Journal of Botany 74(2): Pages218-224
“Chapter 3: Materials and methodsâ€, p.38. Retrieved 31 july 2013 from www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/.../3_Chapter3_Materials_Methods.pdf?...2348033213392 emeka
Chenyambuga S W, Waiswa C, Saimo M, Ngumi P and Gwakisa P S (2010): Knowledge and perceptions of traditional livestock keepers on tick-borne diseases and sero-prevalence of Theileria parva around Lake Victoria Basin. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 22, Article #135. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/7/chen22135.htm
Cynthia M. Kahn, Merck Editor, Scott Line (2011): The Merck Veterinary Manual for veterinary professionals, Merck & Co Inc, retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/circulatory_system/blood_parasites/theileriases.html
Elsheikha et al., (2011): Essentials of veterinary parasitology. Horizon scientific press. [Available online]. From: http://books.google.co.ug/books
Evans. W.C (Ed.). (2009): Trease & Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, United Kingdom, Elsevier limited, Pages 263-297.
Farah. H , Amin, Khalid, Hassan and Husssein (2012): In vitro activity of the aqueous extract of Gardenia ternifolia fruits against Theileria lestoquardi. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Vol. 6(41), pages 5447-5451.
Fieser et al., (1948) Naphthoquinone Antimalarials. II., Correlation of Structure and Activity Against P. lophurae in Ducks, Journal of American Chemical Society,Vol.70 Supl.1,P.3156-3165
Gafner .S, Wolfender J-L, Nianga .M, Stoeckli-Evans.H, Hostettmann K (1996 ): Antifungal and antibacterial naphthoquinones from Newbouldia laevis roots Phytochemistry, Volume 42, Issue 5, July 1996, Pages 1315-1320
GALVmed (2010): Fostering commercial innovation for better animal health, in DFID. Research 2009-2010:Providing research evidence that enables poverty reduction. Available from http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Galv/DFID_impact_case_study_ECF_April_2010%5B1%5D.pdf . [Accessed 14/12/2012]
Gidey Y. et al. (2012): An ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Seharti-Samre district, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science [Online] 6(3), pp. 113-119.
Great Ships Initiative (2009): “Standard operating procedure†retrieved 10th November 2012 from: http//www.nemw.org/ GSI/protocols.
Hughes, L.M.; Lanteri, C.A.; O'Neil, M.T.; Johnson, J.D.; Gribble, G.W.; Trumpower, B.L(2011): Design of anti-parasitic and anti-fungal hydroxy-naphthoquinones that are less susceptible to drug resistance. Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology vol. 177 issue 1, Pages 12-19.
Ioset, Jean-Robert; Marston; Gupta, Mahabir P.; Hostettmann, Kurt.(1998): Antifungal and larvicidal meroterpenoid naphthoquinones and a naphthoxirene from the roots of Cordia linnaei.Phytochemistry vol. 47 issue 5, p. 729-734.
Jongejan. F et al., (1984): Cultivation of Theileria. I., Attempts to complete the cycle of Theileria parva in vitro , Veterinary quarterly, Vol 6, Issue 1, Available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01652176.1984.9693905#preview accessed 26/02/2013.
Kayser O, Kiderlen A F, Laatsch H, Croft S L (2000): In vitro leishmanicidal activity of monomeric and dimeric naphthoquinones., Acta Tropica vol. 76 issue 2 p. 131-138.
Kerdmanee.C, Sarataphan.N, Mungthin.M, Chansiri.K, Chansiri.G, Tan-ariya.P (2001): A Preliminary Study on Drug Responsiveness of a Benign Theileria Thai Isolate to Antihemosporozoal Compounds and Plant Extracts Using Two Different Methods, Pages 63-70.
Kinabo L D B (1989): Pharmacology of the new antitheilerial drugs: parvaquone, buparvaquone and halofuginone. Protozoological Abstracts 13(12): 491-498.
Letcher M.R, Shirley. I.M (1992): o-Naphthoquinones from the heartwood of Azanza garckeana, Phytochemistry, Volume 31, Issue 12, Pages 4171-4172.
Marcellino, W. L., Salih, D. A., Julla, I. I.; El-Hussein, A. M.(2011): Economic impact of east coast fever in central equatorial state of south Sudan, Vol. 1 No. 6, Pages 218-220.
Mbao V, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, et al.(2005); Parasitology ; Comparison of manual and homogenizer methods for preparation of tick-derived stabilates of Theileria parva: equivalence testing using an in vitro titration model, 131(Pt 1), Pages 45-49.
McHardy N (1978): In vitro studies on the action of menoctone and other compounds on Theileria parva and T. annulata Ann Trop Med Parasitol.;72(6):501-11.
McHardy N (1985): “Buparvaquone, the new antitheilerial: A review of its efficacy and safety†Available online at http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5549e/x5549e11.htm
McHardy N, Wekesa, L.S, Hudson A.T. and Randall A.W., (1985): Antitheilerial activity of BW 720C (buparvaquone): a comparison with parvaquone, Research in Veterinary Science 39:29-33.
Morrison W.I, MacHugh N.D & Lalor.P.A, (1996): Infection and Immunity, Pathogenicity of Theileria parva is influenced by the host cell type infected by the parasite, 64(2): 557–562 Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC173801/
Ocaido M, Otim C P and Kakaire D (2009): “Impact of major diseases and vectors in smallholder cattle production systems in different agro-ecological zones and farming systems in Ugandaâ€
OlÃmpio da Silva, Adriano; da Silva Lopes, Rosangela; Vieira de Lima, Ricardo; Santos Suniga Tozatti, Camila; Marques, Maria Rita; de Albuquerque, Sérgio; Beatriz, Adilson; Pires de Lima, Dênis (2013). European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry vol. 60, pages 51-56.
Onegi B, Kraft C, Köhler I, Freund M, Jenett-Siems K, Siems K, Beyer G, Melzig MF, Bienzle U, Eich E( 2002): Antiplasmodial activity of naphthoquinones and one anthraquinone from Stereospermum kunthianum. Phytochemistry.;60(1), Pages39-44.
Pinto V.A and Solange L C ( 2009): The Trypanocidal Activity of Naphthoquinones: A Review., Molecules, 14(11), Pages 4570-4590
Schuck C.D, Ferreira B.S, Cruz N L, Rocha R.D , Moraes S M, Nakabashi M, Philip J Rosenthal, Vitor F Ferreira and Celia RS (2013): Biological evaluation of hydroxynaphthoquinones as anti-malarials, Malaria Journal, 12:234
Sunassee, Suthananda N/SN, Veale, Clinton G L/CG, Shunmoogam-Gounden, Nelusha/N, Osoniyi, Omalaja/O, Hendricks, Denver T/DT, Caira, Mino R/MR; de la Mare, Jo-Anne/JA, Edkins, Adrienne L/AL, Pinto, Antônio V/AV, da Silva Júnior, Eufrânio N/EN;Davies-Coleman, Michael T/MT (2013): Cytotoxicity of lapachol, β-lapachone and related synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinones against oesophageal cancer cells. European journal of medicinal chemistry, Vol 62, Pages 98-110
Tabuti J RS, Dhillion S S, and Lye K A (2003): Ethnoveterinary medicines for cattle (Bos indicus) in Bulamogi County, Uganda: plant species and mode of use. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88, 279-286.
Tabuti.J.RS et al. (2009): Ethnoveterinary knowledge in pastoral Karamoja, Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology[Online] 122(2). P.273-293.
Tatum, J H, Baker, R A , Berry, R E (1987): Naphthoquinones and derivatives from fusarium. Phytochemistry vol. 26 issue 3, Pages 795-798.
The New vision, “East coast fever out break†Monday 25th March, 2013; Page 6.
The Uganda journal: Journal of the Uganda Society, Exploration of Rwenzori, Volume 19. No.2, September 1955.
Uganda Picks, 13th September 2012: “Farmers in Kiruhura District Petition Parliament Over East Coast Fever†‘Available online at http://www.ugandapicks.com/2012/09/farmers-in-kiruhura-district-petition-parliament-over-eastcoast-fever-12805.html
Uganda Radio Network (2012): “Minister Accuses Kiruhura Farmers of Politicising East Coast Fever Outbreak.†Available online at http://direct.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=46661&PHPSESSID=0ddf851be090f4a0fcb4979ee70010bc
Wagner H.et al.,(1996) : Plant drug Analysis: a Thin layer chromatography Atlas.[Online] Second edition, Springer, Pages 274-289.
Wanzala et al. (2012) “Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, Western Kenyaâ€.
Wanzala.W and Gakuubi. M. (2012): A survey of plants and plant products traditionally used in livestock health management in Buuri district, Meru County, Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Vol.39, Pages 1-39.